Galileo Galilei (15. helmikuuta 1564 Pisa, Firenzen herttuakunta – 8. tammikuuta 1642 Arcetri, Toscanan suurherttuakunta) oli italialainen tähtitieteilijä, filosofi ja fyysikko.Hänen merkittävimmät saavutuksensa liittyvät tieteellisen menetelmän kehitykseen aristoteelisesta nykyiseen muotoonsa. [200] Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which at the time was a discipline tied to the studies of mathematics and astronomy. [212][213], Interest in the Galileo affair was revived in the early 19th century, when Protestant polemicists used it (and other events such as the Spanish Inquisition and the myth of the flat Earth) to attack Roman Catholicism. Alle Daten zu Galileis Lebenslauf von Geburt, Studium, bis hin zu Inquisition, Hausarrest und Tod. "[215], On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,[216][217] Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called "a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today". His telescopes were also a profitable sideline for Galileo, who sold them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. In fact, this is only approximately true,[184] as was discovered by Christiaan Huygens. Han var en stor italiensk vetenskapsman som spelade en viktig roll i den naturvetenskapliga revolutionen. In 1638, Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance. [123] The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against heliocentrism. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors. Eredetileg (apja kívánságára) orvosnak készült a Pisai Egyetemen, de anyagi nehézségek miatt abba kellett hagynia tanulmányait. Häntä on kutsuttu tieteen, klassisen fysiikan ja tähtitieteen isäksi. Längre fram bodde och arbetade han i Florens. The name "telescope" was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani,[173][174] at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei. He was a professor of mathematics and natural science in Padua and Pisa.People most remembered him today for his conflict with the Catholic Church of his day, which led to his trial for heresy by the Inquisition In the middle was Mark Welser, to whom Scheiner had announced his discovery, and who asked Galileo for his opinion. [citation needed], In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. [236] In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title Discourse on the Comets (Discorso Delle Comete), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets. [128], Earlier, Pope Urban VIII had personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. [200][201] Prior to Galileo, Nicole Oresme, in the 14th century, had derived the times-squared law for uniformly accelerated change,[202][203] and Domingo de Soto had suggested in the 16th century that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated. This book was highly praised by Albert Einstein. Mathematik am Geschwister-Scholl-Gymnasium heißt anwendungsorientiertes, schülernahes und kooperatives Arbeiten an spannenden Aufgaben und Herausforderungen. He was sentenced to formal imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition. [50], Galileo's observations of the satellites of Jupiter caused a revolution in astronomy: a planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian cosmology, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth,[51][52] and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Galileo Galilei (* 15. február 1564, Pisa, Taliansko – † 8. január 1642, Arcetri, Taliansko) bol taliansky filozof, fyzik, astronóm, matematik obdobia renesancie, jeden zo zakladateľov súčasnej experimentálno-teoretickej prírodovedy.. Je mu pripisované autorstvo výroku Eppur si muove! [9] He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. However, his daughter Maria Celeste relieved him of the burden after securing ecclesiastical permission to take it upon herself. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius[196] and Simon Stevin. [62], Galileo made studies of sunspots,[63] the Milky Way, and made various observations about stars, including how to measure their apparent size without a telescope. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years. Galileo Galilei (15. veebruar 1564 Pisa – 8. jaanuar 1642 Arcetri) oli itaalia astronoom, filosoof, füüsik ja polühistor.. Galilei pani aluse teaduslikule eksperimenteerimisele ja katsetulemuste matemaatilisele tõlgendamisele, mis omakorda lõid alused seletavatele loodusteadustele. At the start of 1616, Monsignor Francesco Ingoli initiated a debate with Galileo, sending him an essay disputing the Copernican system. [77][78], Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without "a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun". [186] We now know that the speed of light is far too fast to be measured by such methods (with human shutter-openers on Earth). Galileo lived at a time when the centuries-old Almagest of the Egyptian scholar Claudius Ptolemy, written in 139AD, was still being used by the Church as “evidence” and “confirmation” for the Aristotelian idea that the Earth was at the centre of the Universe. [119], By 1615, Galileo's writings on heliocentrism had been submitted to the Roman Inquisition by Father Niccolò Lorini, who claimed that Galileo and his followers were attempting to reinterpret the Bible,[d] which was seen as a violation of the Council of Trent and looked dangerously like Protestantism. [18], Galileo tended to refer to himself only by his given name. [188][189] While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place. [90][91] Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618,[92] which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. As described in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, his method was to hang a thin rope in his line of sight to the star and measure the maximum distance from which it would wholly obscure the star. [citation needed], Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum. Livia took her vows in 1617 at the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri, where her father had sent her together with her sister some years previously. [99] The Jesuits were offended,[99][98] and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance,[102] under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,[103] purporting to be one of his own pupils. Galileo's son, Vincenzo, sketched a clock based on his father's theories in 1642. [63] Their existence raised another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens as posited in orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft,[226] the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system, the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal (unit), sometimes known as the Galileo, which is a non-SI unit of acceleration. [83][84] Albert Einstein later expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his "fascinating arguments" and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth. Livia wurde 58 Jahre alt und starb 1659. In the silver ring, other telescopes are depicted: the Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in Kremsmünster Abbey, a modern telescope, a radio telescope and a space telescope. On 26 February, Galileo was called to Bellarmine's residence and ordered "to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the Earth moves, and henceforth not to hold, teach, or defend it in any way whatever, either orally or in writing. Galileo Galilei var en italiensk fysiker och astronom på 1600-talet som gjorde flera viktiga upptäckter. [81] The reference to tides was removed from the title by order of the Inquisition. [147], After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence in 1634, where he spent part of his life under house arrest. An apparent annual variation in their trajectories, observed by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612–1613,[64] also provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity. Galileo further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of air resistance or other disturbances. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). [161], Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics. The time between the first observer's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers. The former was based on Aristotelian–Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum, bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. [210][209] In 1758, the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus's De Revolutionibus remained. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune. In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's Discourse gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner,[99][100][101] and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work. Galileo Galilei’s contributions to modern science were so fundamental to a variety of fields that even though he died almost 400 years ago, his name retains international acclaim. Galilei hatte seine beiden Töchter in das Kloster der Klarissinnen San Matteo gegeben, die in der Nachfolge des Franz von Assisi lebten. Muuhulgas tegeles ta teleskoopidega, näiteks valmistas Galilei teleskoobi. Galileo Galilei föddes 1564 i Pisa, staden som är känd för sitt lutande torn. [230], Kim Stanley Robinson wrote a science fiction novel entitled Galileo's Dream (2009), in which Galileo is brought into the future to help resolve a crisis of scientific philosophy; the story moves back and forth between Galileo's own time and a hypothetical distant future and contains a great deal of biographical information. Kunskap värderades högt i det hus i Pisa i norra Italien där han föddes den 15 februari 1564. Ab 1611 lebten sie in Florenz. [71][72][73], In his Dialogue, he reported that he had found the apparent diameter of a star of first magnitude to be no more than 5 arcseconds, and that of one of sixth magnitude to be about 5/6 arcseconds. Das Thermometer hat eine zylindrische Form, die mit einer Flüssigkeit gefüllt ist. Han tillhörde en förnäm men ändå fattig släkt. [87][88] Galileo continued to argue in favour of his theory of tides, considering it the ultimate proof of Earth's motion. Galileo Galilei war niemals verheiratet. In Ptolemy's geocentric model, it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. [206] This was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law), except for the direction of the motion: Newton's is straight, Galileo's is circular (for example the planets' motion around the Sun, which according to him, and unlike Newton, takes place in absence of gravity).[207]. Galileo njihet si "babai i fizikës moderne". Livia Galilei, Galileo's second eldest child, was born on August 18, 1601. [h] The essay also included four theological arguments, but Ingoli suggested Galileo focus on the physical and mathematical arguments, and he did not mention Galileo's biblical ideas. It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published The Assayer (Il Saggiatore) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider controversy over the very nature of science itself. When he returned home, he set up two pendulums of equal length and swung one with a large sweep and the other with a small sweep and found that they kept time together. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy" (though he was never formally charged with heresy, relieving him of facing corporal punishment). The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church. [citation needed], If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day. Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously. Die Mutter, Giulia Ammannati (1538-1620), kam aus begütertem Hause. This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life, it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes. Galileis Tochter Maria Celeste, zu der Galileo G. eine besonders innige Beziehung pflegte, starb schon im Alter von 34 Jahren. [31], Although Galileo seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, at his father's urging he instead enrolled in 1580 at the University of Pisa for a medical degree. [citation needed]. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Han upptäckte månarna runt planeten Jupiter och att vår (24 av 166 ord) He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice. This provided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical laws using inductive reasoning. Zuerst sollte ohne öffentliche Förderung eine … Mit seiner Geliebten namens Marina Gamba zeugte er insgesamt drei Kinder (zwei Töchter und ein Sohn). [43] While not being the first person to observe the Moon through a telescope (English mathematician Thomas Harriot had done it four months before but only saw a "strange spottednesse"),[44] Galileo was the first to deduce the cause of the uneven waning as light occlusion from lunar mountains and craters. [112][113], At the time of Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the Earth is the center of the Universe and the orbit of all heavenly bodies, or Tycho Brahe's new system blending geocentrism with heliocentrism. [citation needed]. [166] His work marked another step towards the eventual separation of science from both philosophy and religion; a major development in human thought. The Galileo affair was largely forgotten after Galileo's death, and the controversy subsided. Galileo Galilei är en opera i en akt och tio scener med musik av Philip Glass och libretto av Mary Zimmerman och Arnold Weinstein.. Historia. Ottavio Brenzoni's letter of 15 January 1605 to Galileo brought the 1572 supernova and the less bright nova of 1601 to Galileo's notice. Galileo Galilei, punim imenom Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (Pisa, 15. veljače 1564.– Arcetri, 8. siječnja 1642. ), bio je talijanski matematičar, fizičar, astronom i filozof.Nakon završenih medicinskih studija, posvetio se proučavanju geometrije i Arhimedovih djela, te postao jedan od najvećih fizičara i astronoma. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures;...."[165] His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy. GALILEO GALILEI Steckbrief: Geboren: 15 Februar 1564 (in Pisa) Wohnort: Pisa und Florenz (Italien) Familie: Vater: Vincenzo Galileis Mutter: Giulia di Cosimo Ammannati Geschwister: Er hatte einen Bruder Names: Michelangelo Galilei Kinder: Er hatte drei Kinder 3 Frau: Marina Gamba [193] In any case, observations that similarly sized objects of different weights fell at the same speed is documented in works as early as those of John Philoponus in the sixth century and which Galileo was aware of. Galileo Galilei wurde am 15. Galileo Galilei. [60] In 1612, he observed Neptune and noted its motion, but did not identify it as a planet. [80] This theory was so important to him that he originally intended to call his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems the Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea. Since these new stars displayed no detectable diurnal parallax, Galileo concluded that they were distant stars, and, therefore, disproved the Aristotelian belief in the immutability of the heavens. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would fall with a strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian geocentric view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. [96] Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets,[97][98] although they did present some tentative conjectures that are now known to be mistaken. [24], The biblical roots of Galileo's name and surname were to become the subject of a famous pun. While a young teacher at the Accademia, he began a lifelong friendship with the Florentine painter Cigoli. At her birth, as with Virginia (1600-1634), Galileo personally wrote her horoscope. Uppväxten Född 15 februari 1564 i Pisa i Toscana, död 8 januari 1642 i Arcetri nära Florens i Toscana. His proposed solution, that infinite numbers cannot be compared, is no longer considered useful. [3] Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy",[4] the "father of modern physics",[5][6] the "father of the scientific method",[7] and the "father of modern science".[8]. Virginia starb 34-jährig im Jahre 1634. But shortly thereafter, in his Letters on Sunspots, he reported that the telescope revealed the shapes of both stars and planets to be "quite round". It was common for mid-sixteenth-century Tuscan families to name the eldest son after the parents' surname. [53][54] His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611. [46], A friend of Galileo's, the painter Cigoli, included a realistic depiction of the Moon in one of his paintings, though probably used his own telescope to make the observation. Galileo named the group of four the Medicean stars, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers. Galileo Galilei (*1573, +1642 (69)) Galileo Galilei war italienischer Mathematiker, Physiker und Philosoph im 17. July 2002", "Science history: setting the record straight. ... auch verantwortlich für viele Geschwister. Galilei concluded that all bodies accelerate at the same rate despite their size or mass. Eftersom dessa nya idéer stred mot Bibeln blev påven och kyrkan väldigt arga på Galilei. Galileo Galilei. [49] Later astronomers, however, renamed them Galilean satellites in honour of their discoverer. The title page of the book describes Galileo as philosopher and "Matematico Primario" of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. [citation needed], Galileo showed a modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. It is popularly believed (thanks to the biography by Vincenzo Viviani) that these began by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse as a timer. Han är den moderna naturvetenskapens store grundläggare. Der Vater, Vincenzio Galilei (1520-1591), war Edelmann, erwarb den Unterhalt der Familie als Tuchhändler und hatte zudem Begabungen in der Musik und Schriftstellerei. [42], On 30 November, 1609, Galileo aimed his telescope at the Moon. For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer, such as that of John Harrison. He was educated from 1575 to 1578 in the Vallombrosa Abbey, about 30 km southeast of Florence. According to Maurice Finocchiaro, this was done in a friendly and gracious manner, out of curiosity. [62], Galileo made naked-eye and telescopic studies of sunspots. (in the Latin version found in the Vulgate: Viri Galilaei, quid statis aspicientes in caelum?). Galileo Galilei föddes 1564 i staden Pisa i Italien. The philosophical thread that runs through Galileo’s intellectual lifeis a strong and increasing desire to find a new conception of whatconstitutes natural philosophy and how natural philosophy ought to bepursued. SPRECHER Galilei möchte das Kriegsgerät Fernrohr selbst bauen und verkaufen. Galileo Galilei stammte aus einer verarmten Florentiner Patrizierfamilie. [82] His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends.

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